From Wounded Knee to Afghanistan

Question:

1861 – The War Between the States, also known as the Civil War, begins

| over the issue of the rights of states (a code word for being allowed | to continue slavery). | | When the states agreed to form a union they did so with the | understanding that they could "leave" or "secede" the union at any | time. Are you saying that the states had the right to secede only if | the union says it OK? | You may have cut class that day. That’s exactly what the war was | about. | | There is no such provision as you claim in the US Constitution, the | sole document upon which the Union is founded. The sole exception | among all the states, as regards a right to secede, is Texas. Unlike | all other states, it existed a-priori as a free and independant nation | (hence the Lone Star State and the flag with one star) for about 10 | years. | I’ll have to check up on this. I highly doubt the the states would | enter into a union that they could not get out of. That would be like | you signing up for a lifetime contract with your cell phone company | with no way out no matter what conditions are imposed. It defies basic | logic, however I don’t know what specific documents would prove this. One might also say that marriage — a lifetime contract — defies basic logic, but nevertheless lots of people seem to want to get involved in them. In the late 18th century the U.S. was a relatively weak power in a world of predatory, expanding empires and there were very good reasons for the state governments to enter into a binding compact with each other as a matter of self-defense. In any case, if the delegates at the Constitutional Convention had contemplated withdrawal from the contract, they would certainly have provided for it explicitly — they were mostly a bunch of lawyers, landholders and other upper-class types who were well aware of the difficulties of such procedures. — (<<) /*/ { http://www.etaoin.com | latest new material 1/19/03 <-adv’t

Response:

When the states agreed to form a union they did so with the understanding that they could "leave" or "secede" the union at any time. Are you saying that the states had the right to secede only if the union says it OK? You may have cut class that day. That’s exactly what the war was about. There is no such provision as you claim in the US Constitution, the sole document upon which the Union is founded. The sole exception among all the states, as regards a right to secede, is Texas. Unlike all other states, it existed a-priori as a free and independant nation (hence the Lone Star State and the flag with one star) for about 10 years.

How about the 10th amendment? "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/wew/articles/02/secede.html

Response:

One might also say that marriage — a lifetime contract — defies basic logic, but nevertheless lots of people seem to want to get involved in them.

Of course there’s also a thing called divorce. By the way the wouldn’t the 10th amendment give the states the right to secede?

Response:

| One might also say that marriage — a lifetime contract — | defies basic logic, but nevertheless lots of people seem to | want to get involved in them. | Of course there’s also a thing called divorce. That’s my point — it’s a procedure usually surrounded by a lot of formalism, so if the Constitution’s contracting parties had contemplated it I think they would have written it in. | By the way the wouldn’t the 10th amendment give the states the right to secede? I don’t think so, because they had already agreed to form a rather powerful superior government (by ratifying the first part of the Constitution). Of course, that’s just my opinion; John C. Calhoun would not have agreed. — (<<) /*/ { http://www.etaoin.com | latest new material 1/19/03 <-adv’t

Response:

- Hide quoted text — Show quoted text – | One might also say that marriage — a lifetime contract — | defies basic logic, but nevertheless lots of people seem to | want to get involved in them. | Of course there’s also a thing called divorce. That’s my point — it’s a procedure usually surrounded by a lot of formalism, so if the Constitution’s contracting parties had contemplated it I think they would have written it in. | By the way the wouldn’t the 10th amendment give the states the right to secede? I don’t think so, because they had already agreed to form a rather powerful superior government (by ratifying the first part of the Constitution). Of course, that’s just my opinion; John C. Calhoun would not have agreed.

Maybe, but they didn’t specifically put the rights of citizens to smoke pot and eat double whoppers with cheese in the constitution either. But that doesn’t mean those rights don’t exist.

Response:

- Hide quoted text — Show quoted text – | … | | By the way the wouldn’t the 10th amendment give the states the right to secede? | I don’t think so, because they had already agreed to form a | rather powerful superior government (by ratifying the first | part of the Constitution). Of course, that’s just my | opinion; John C. Calhoun would not have agreed. | Maybe, but they didn’t specifically put the rights of citizens to | smoke pot and eat double whoppers with cheese in the constitution | either. But that doesn’t mean those rights don’t exist. Quite true, but those rights were never ceded to the federal government by the states (or anyone else). I think _Constitutional_ secession would require an amendment.

I’m curious to see what other libertarians think about this. I’ll start up a thread after this war dies down. (Hopefully soon!) Later!

Response:

- Hide quoted text — Show quoted text – | By the way the wouldn’t the 10th amendment give the states the | right to secede? I don’t think so, because they had already agreed to form a rather powerful superior government (by ratifying the first part of the Constitution). Of course, that’s just my opinion; John C. Calhoun would not have agreed. Maybe, but they didn’t specifically put the rights of citizens to smoke pot and eat double whoppers with cheese in the constitution either. But that doesn’t mean those rights don’t exist. I agree with you on all counts; the Supreme Court generally has not agreed with us. The trouble with the 10th amendment is that it is not sufficiently specific to guard against tortured interpretation.

True. It seems to me that not having the right to "leave" voids all the other rights, turning the Constitution into a worthless sheet of paper.

Response:

It’s worthless anyway, in that sense, because it fails to be a valid contract. Only a valid contract can legitimately specify the waiving of rights (e.g. waiving the right to form or terminate an association). Whatever value the Constitution has lies in its promise to limit power. It is a catalog of promises that those who take power will be limited in their use of it; when they overstep those limits, it is a stick with which to hit them. It does not legitimately limit or bind anyone else.

Response:

- Hide quoted text — Show quoted text – | One might also say that marriage — a lifetime contract — | defies basic logic, but nevertheless lots of people seem to | want to get involved in them. | Of course there’s also a thing called divorce. That’s my point — it’s a procedure usually surrounded by a lot of formalism, so if the Constitution’s contracting parties had contemplated it I think they would have written it in. | By the way the wouldn’t the 10th amendment give the states the | right to secede? I don’t think so, because they had already agreed to form a rather powerful superior government (by ratifying the first part of the Constitution). Of course, that’s just my opinion; John C. Calhoun would not have agreed. Maybe, but they didn’t specifically put the rights of citizens to smoke pot and eat double whoppers with cheese in the constitution either. But that doesn’t mean those rights don’t exist.

I agree with you on all counts; the Supreme Court generally has not agreed with us. The trouble with the 10th amendment is that it is not sufficiently specific to guard against tortured interpretation.

Response:

| … | | By the way the wouldn’t the 10th amendment give the states the right to secede? | I don’t think so, because they had already agreed to form a | rather powerful superior government (by ratifying the first | part of the Constitution). Of course, that’s just my | opinion; John C. Calhoun would not have agreed. | Maybe, but they didn’t specifically put the rights of citizens to | smoke pot and eat double whoppers with cheese in the constitution | either. But that doesn’t mean those rights don’t exist. Quite true, but those rights were never ceded to the federal government by the states (or anyone else). I think _Constitutional_ secession would require an amendment. Of course, there is the anomaly of Puerto Rico. — (<<) /*/ { http://www.etaoin.com | latest new material 1/19/03 <-adv’t

Response:

- Hide quoted text — Show quoted text – over the issue of the rights of states (a code word for being allowed to continue slavery). When the states agreed to form a union they did so with the understanding that they could "leave" or "secede" the union at any time. Are you saying that the states had the right to secede only if the union says it OK? You may have cut class that day. That’s exactly what the war was about. There is no such provision as you claim in the US Constitution, the sole document upon which the Union is founded. The sole exception among all the states, as regards a right to secede, is Texas. Unlike all other states, it existed a-priori as a free and independant nation (hence the Lone Star State and the flag with one star) for about 10 years.

I’ll have to check up on this. I highly doubt the the states would enter into a union that they could not get out of. That would be like you signing up for a lifetime contract with your cell phone company with no way out no matter what conditions are imposed. It defies basic logic, however I don’t know what specific documents would prove this.

Response:

| 1861 – The War Between the States, also known as the Civil War, begins | over the issue of the rights of states (a code word for being allowed | to continue slavery). | When the states agreed to form a union they did so with the | understanding that they could "leave" or "secede" the union at any | time. Are you saying that the states had the right to secede only if | the union says it OK? As far as I know, only persons can have understandings. For an understanding to exist even metaphorically on a corporate or state level, it would have to be made explicitly in the constitution or laws of the state or states involved. But there is no provision for withdrawal from the union in the U.S. Constitution. — (<<) /*/ { http://www.etaoin.com | latest new material 1/19/03 <-adv’t

Response:

1861 – The War Between the States, also known as the Civil War, begins over the issue of the rights of states (a code word for being allowed to continue slavery). When the states agreed to form a union they did so with the understanding that they could "leave" or "secede" the union at any time. Are you saying that the states had the right to secede only if the union says it OK?

You may have cut class that day. That’s exactly what the war was about. There is no such provision as you claim in the US Constitution, the sole document upon which the Union is founded. The sole exception among all the states, as regards a right to secede, is Texas. Unlike all other states, it existed a-priori as a free and independant nation (hence the Lone Star State and the flag with one star) for about 10 years. When it became one of the United States it did so by means of a treaty between two sovereign equals. That treaty includes, among other things, two interesting provisions. One – Texas may leave the Union at anytime it wishes as expressed by its government. Two – At any time it wishes, it may devide itself into 5 separate states, each with 2 Senators. Given that this was at a time when the there were only roughly half as many states (and senators) as there are today, exercising that privilege would have given Texas a major place at the legislative table. I’m not sure if is still is done, but I have been told that there is a tradition at the start of each annual session of the Texas Legislature. A member is given the honor of introducing a bill to exercise the first of those treaty rights as a Texas way of reminding itself and the other States of its unique status. The bill is then tabled and not voted on.

Response:

1861 – The War Between the States, also known as the Civil War, begins over the issue of the rights of states (a code word for being allowed to continue slavery).

Response:

| … | 1946 – through modern times – The USA gave away billions of dollars of | aid to promote free and self-suficient nations around the world. | Does this qualify as a "military intervention"? | … This is an interesting question. Much of what the US government gave to foreign governments was in the form of military aid. Often, the aid (in the form of not only money and material but technology and training as well) often formed the basis for further, more direct operations within the country, as for instance in Chile where connections were established with the military that later facilitated the war against Allende. Or, the government receiving the aid could be directed against other governments, for example Iraq against Iran. A lot of military aid was also given to non-governmental proxies as well, of course. Military intervention, military aid, and non-military aid have formed a seamless web of imperialism, which curiously now seems to be breaking down. There is also a relation between corporate involvement in foreign, especially Third-World countries, and military interventions. I think it might be useful to categorize and tabulate all these adventures, if only for historical purposes, since the different forms seem to be related to one another. — (<<) /*/ { http://www.etaoin.com | latest new material 1/19/03 <-adv’t

Response:

- Hide quoted text — Show quoted text – From Wounded Knee to Afghanistan a century of US military interventions Compiled by Zoltan Grossman (revised October 8, 2001) Revised yet again March 25, 2003 to corrrect ommissions: 1776 – Declaration of Independence, For the first time in history, a noble people endured excruitiating hardships and great losses to fight for a unique set of principles called Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. Thos who subscribed the documents pledged their names, thier fortunes and their lives to its implemetation. Many actually did pay those costs. 1781 – Pennsylvania abolishes slavery. 1782 – Virginia votes to permit slaveholders to free their slaves. 1783 – Massachussets, Rhode Island, Coonecticut abolish slavery. Later in the same year, the Britsh agree to recognize the independence of the United States and the Revolutionary War is officially over. 1786 – New Jersy abolishes slavery. irginia votes for formal laws promising reliious freedom. 1787 – A Constitutional Convention writes the US Constitution, the first document of its kind the world had ever seen. 225 years later, it still Its principles are still not available to most of the world but the 10 basic rights it codifies and the balanced government and the prosperity it continues to produce are the hope and dream of virtually every poor and opressed person in the world who knows what is possible for those who live under its protection. 1808 – US Congress declares an end to African Slave Trade. 1847 – Wimot Proviso, forbidding expansioof slavery, passes US House of Represntatives. 1861 – The War Between the States, also known as the Civil War, begins over the issue of the rights of states (a code word for being allowed to continue slavery). 1865 – after for years of war that devestated major portions of the nation and cost he deaths of hundreds of thousands of Americans fighting aboyut and end to slavery, the ant-save states prevailed. It was the first time im=nhistory any nation had so wounded itself over a moral issue of the rights of its fellow human beings. Ine would be hard-pressed to show comparable examples eleswhere in the world.

None of these fall in the period 1890-2000. 1917 – after repeated violent provocations and attcaks, the USA is dragged into the war in Europe and reqired to rescue most of western Europe from Germany’s predations. whethe war ends the US tires to promote a League of Nations but those who woud benefit most preferred to continue their old ways and lay the ground for another greater war only 20 years later.

The list includes WWI. 1941 – after exhausting every attempt at neutrality through the 1930s, the US was attacked by Japan. The next day, Germany and Italy and their smaller allies (Rumania, Hungary, etc.) declared war on the USA. Hitler vowed to destroy what he called a mongel nation that lacked an identity and will of its won.

The list also includes WWII. 1945 – after helping to defeat the European axis and liberating Western Europe, and after almost single-handedly stopping Japan’s rape of Asia, the US helped establish the United Nations. The USA was, for many years, its prime financial resource and protector.

Does this qualify as a "military intervention"? 1946 – through modern times – The USA gave away billions of dollars of aid to promote free and self-suficient nations around the world.

Does this qualify as a "military intervention"? And that’s just start of what this lying anti-American scum left out of his reisioof history. the funny thing is, while I, and most Americans do not deny the facst that he claims, he probably wil not admt that the ones I claim are true. That tells you a lot about his intentions.

If you say so. – Hide quoted text — Show quoted text – U.S. military spending ($343 billion in the year 2000) is 69 percent greater than that of the next five highest nations combined. Russia, which has the second largest military budget, spends less than one-sixth what the United States does. Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Cuba, Sudan, Iran, and Syria spend $14.4 billion combined; Iran accounts for 52 percent of this total. The following is a partial list of U.S. military interventions from 1890 to 2000. This guide does NOT include demonstration duty by military police, mobilizations of the National Guard, offshore shows of naval strength, reinforcements of embassy personnel, the use of non-Defense Department personnel (such as the Drug Enforcement Agency), military exercises, non-combat mobilizations (such as replacing postal strikers), the permanent stationing of armed forces, covert actions where the U.S. did not play a command and control role, the use of small hostage rescue units, most uses of proxy troops, U.S. piloting of foreign warplanes, foreign disaster assistance, military training and advisory programs not involving direct combat, civic action programs, and many other military activities. Among sources used, besides news reports, are the Congressional Record (23 June 1969), 180 Landings by the U.S. Marine Corps History Division, Ege & Makhijani in Counterspy (July-Aug. 1982), and Daniel Ellsberg in Protest & Survive. "Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798-1993" by Ellen C. Collier of the Library of Congress Congressional Research Service. SOUTH DAKOTA 1890 (-?) Troops 300 Lakota Indians massacred at Wounded Knee. ARGENTINA 1890 Troops Buenos Aires interests protected. CHILE 1891 Troops Marines clash with nationalist rebels. HAITI 1891 Troops Black workers revolt on U.S.-claimed Navassa Island defeated. IDAHO 1892 Troops Army suppresses silver miners’ strike. HAWAII 1893 (-?) Naval, troops Independent kingdom overthrown, annexed. CHICAGO 1894 Troops Breaking of rail strike, 34 killed NICARAGUA 1894 Troops Month-long occupation of Bluefields. CHINA 1894-95 Naval, troops Marines land in Sino-Jap War. KOREA 1894-96 Troops Marines kept in Seoul during war. PANAMA 1895 Troops, naval Marines land in Colombian province. NICARAGUA 1896 Troops Marines land in port of Corinto. CHINA 1898-1900 Troops Boxer Rebellion fought by foreign armies. PHILIPPINES 1898-1910(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, killed 600,000 Filipinos. CUBA 1898-1902(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, still hold Navy base. PUERTO RICO 1898(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, occupation continues. GUAM 1898(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, still used as base. MINNESOTA 1898(-?) Troops Army battles Chippewa at Leech Lake. NICARAGUA 1898 Troops Marines land at port of San Juan del Sur. SAMOA 1899(-?) Troops Battle over succession to throne. NICARAGUA 1899 Troops Marines land at port of Bluefields. IDAHO 1899-1901 Troops Army occupies Coeur d’Alene mining region. OKLAHOMA 1901 Troops Army battles Creek Indian revolt. PANAMA 1901-14 Naval, troops Broke off from Colombia 1903, annexed Canal Zone 1914-99. HONDURAS 1903 Troops Marines intervene in revolution. DOMINICAN REP. 1903-04 Troops U.S. interests protected in Revolution. KOREA 1904-05 Troops Marines land in Russo-Japanese War. CUBA 1906-09 Troops Marines land in democratic election. NICARAGUA 1907 Troops "Dollar Diplomacy" protectorate set up. HONDURAS 1907 Troops Marines land during war with Nicaragua. PANAMA 1908 Troops Marines intervene in election contest. NICARAGUA 1910 Troops Marines land in Bluefields and Corinto. HONDURAS 1911 Troops U.S. interests protected in civil war. CHINA 1911-41 Naval, troops Continuous occupation with flare-ups. CUBA 1912 Troops U.S. interests protected in Havana. PANAMA 19l2 Troops Marines land during heated election. HONDURAS 19l2 Troops Marines protect U.S. economic interests. NICARAGUA 1912-33 Troops, bombing 20-year occupation, fought guerrillas. MEXICO 19l3 Naval Americans evacuated during revolution. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1914 Naval Fight with rebels over Santo Domingo. COLORADO 1914 Troops Breaking of miners’ strike by Army. MEXICO 1914-18 Naval, troops Series of interventions against nationalists. HAITI 1914-34 Troops, bombing 19-year occupation after revolts. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1916-24 Troops 8-year Marine occupation. CUBA 1917-33 Troops Military occupation, economic protectorate. WORLD WAR I 19l7-18 Naval, troops Ships sunk, fought Germany RUSSIA 1918-22 Naval, troops Five landings to fight Bolsheviks. PANAMA 1918-20 Troops "Police duty" during unrest after elections. YUGOSLAVIA 1919 Troops Marines intervene for Italy against Serbs in Dalmatia. HONDURAS 1919 Troops Marines land during election campaign. GUATEMALA 1920 Troops 2-week intervention against unionists. WEST VIRGINIA 1920-21 Troops, bombing Army intervenes against mineworkers. TURKEY 1922 Troops Fought nationalists in Smyrna (Izmir). CHINA 1922-27 Naval, troops Deployment during nationalist revolt. HONDURAS 1924-25 Troops Landed twice during election strife.

Response:

From Wounded Knee to Afghanistan a century of US military interventions Compiled by Zoltan Grossman (revised October 8, 2001)

Revised yet again March 25, 2003 to corrrect ommissions: 1776 – Declaration of Independence, For the first time in history, a noble people endured excruitiating hardships and great losses to fight for a unique set of principles called Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. Thos who subscribed the documents pledged their names, thier fortunes and their lives to its implemetation. Many actually did pay those costs. 1781 – Pennsylvania abolishes slavery. 1782 – Virginia votes to permit slaveholders to free their slaves. 1783 – Massachussets, Rhode Island, Coonecticut abolish slavery. Later in the same year, the Britsh agree to recognize the independence of the United States and the Revolutionary War is officially over. 1786 – New Jersy abolishes slavery. irginia votes for formal laws promising reliious freedom. 1787 – A Constitutional Convention writes the US Constitution, the first document of its kind the world had ever seen. 225 years later, it still Its principles are still not available to most of the world but the 10 basic rights it codifies and the balanced government and the prosperity it continues to produce are the hope and dream of virtually every poor and opressed person in the world who knows what is possible for those who live under its protection. 1808 – US Congress declares an end to African Slave Trade. 1847 – Wimot Proviso, forbidding expansioof slavery, passes US House of Represntatives. 1861 – The War Between the States, also known as the Civil War, begins over the issue of the rights of states (a code word for being allowed to continue slavery). 1865 – after for years of war that devestated major portions of the nation and cost he deaths of hundreds of thousands of Americans fighting aboyut and end to slavery, the ant-save states prevailed. It was the first time im=nhistory any nation had so wounded itself over a moral issue of the rights of its fellow human beings. Ine would be hard-pressed to show comparable examples eleswhere in the world. 1917 – after repeated violent provocations and attcaks, the USA is dragged into the war in Europe and reqired to rescue most of western Europe from Germany’s predations. whethe war ends the US tires to promote a League of Nations but those who woud benefit most preferred to continue their old ways and lay the ground for another greater war only 20 years later. 1941 – after exhausting every attempt at neutrality through the 1930s, the US was attacked by Japan. The next day, Germany and Italy and their smaller allies (Rumania, Hungary, etc.) declared war on the USA. Hitler vowed to destroy what he called a mongel nation that lacked an identity and will of its won. 1945 – after helping to defeat the European axis and liberating Western Europe, and after almost single-handedly stopping Japan’s rape of Asia, the US helped establish the United Nations. The USA was, for many years, its prime financial resource and protector. 1946 – through modern times – The USA gave away billions of dollars of aid to promote free and self-suficient nations around the world. And that’s just start of what this lying anti-American scum left out of his reisioof history. the funny thing is, while I, and most Americans do not deny the facst that he claims, he probably wil not admt that the ones I claim are true. That tells you a lot about his intentions. – Hide quoted text — Show quoted text -U.S. military spending ($343 billion in the year 2000) is 69 percent greater than that of the next five highest nations combined. Russia, which has the second largest military budget, spends less than one-sixth what the United States does. Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Cuba, Sudan, Iran, and Syria spend $14.4 billion combined; Iran accounts for 52 percent of this total. The following is a partial list of U.S. military interventions from 1890 to 2000. This guide does NOT include demonstration duty by military police, mobilizations of the National Guard, offshore shows of naval strength, reinforcements of embassy personnel, the use of non-Defense Department personnel (such as the Drug Enforcement Agency), military exercises, non-combat mobilizations (such as replacing postal strikers), the permanent stationing of armed forces, covert actions where the U.S. did not play a command and control role, the use of small hostage rescue units, most uses of proxy troops, U.S. piloting of foreign warplanes, foreign disaster assistance, military training and advisory programs not involving direct combat, civic action programs, and many other military activities. Among sources used, besides news reports, are the Congressional Record (23 June 1969), 180 Landings by the U.S. Marine Corps History Division, Ege & Makhijani in Counterspy (July-Aug. 1982), and Daniel Ellsberg in Protest & Survive. "Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798-1993" by Ellen C. Collier of the Library of Congress Congressional Research Service. SOUTH DAKOTA 1890 (-?) Troops 300 Lakota Indians massacred at Wounded Knee. ARGENTINA 1890 Troops Buenos Aires interests protected. CHILE 1891 Troops Marines clash with nationalist rebels. HAITI 1891 Troops Black workers revolt on U.S.-claimed Navassa Island defeated. IDAHO 1892 Troops Army suppresses silver miners’ strike. HAWAII 1893 (-?) Naval, troops Independent kingdom overthrown, annexed. CHICAGO 1894 Troops Breaking of rail strike, 34 killed NICARAGUA 1894 Troops Month-long occupation of Bluefields. CHINA 1894-95 Naval, troops Marines land in Sino-Jap War. KOREA 1894-96 Troops Marines kept in Seoul during war. PANAMA 1895 Troops, naval Marines land in Colombian province. NICARAGUA 1896 Troops Marines land in port of Corinto. CHINA 1898-1900 Troops Boxer Rebellion fought by foreign armies. PHILIPPINES 1898-1910(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, killed 600,000 Filipinos. CUBA 1898-1902(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, still hold Navy base. PUERTO RICO 1898(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, occupation continues. GUAM 1898(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, still used as base. MINNESOTA 1898(-?) Troops Army battles Chippewa at Leech Lake. NICARAGUA 1898 Troops Marines land at port of San Juan del Sur. SAMOA 1899(-?) Troops Battle over succession to throne. NICARAGUA 1899 Troops Marines land at port of Bluefields. IDAHO 1899-1901 Troops Army occupies Coeur d’Alene mining region. OKLAHOMA 1901 Troops Army battles Creek Indian revolt. PANAMA 1901-14 Naval, troops Broke off from Colombia 1903, annexed Canal Zone 1914-99. HONDURAS 1903 Troops Marines intervene in revolution. DOMINICAN REP. 1903-04 Troops U.S. interests protected in Revolution. KOREA 1904-05 Troops Marines land in Russo-Japanese War. CUBA 1906-09 Troops Marines land in democratic election. NICARAGUA 1907 Troops "Dollar Diplomacy" protectorate set up. HONDURAS 1907 Troops Marines land during war with Nicaragua. PANAMA 1908 Troops Marines intervene in election contest. NICARAGUA 1910 Troops Marines land in Bluefields and Corinto. HONDURAS 1911 Troops U.S. interests protected in civil war. CHINA 1911-41 Naval, troops Continuous occupation with flare-ups. CUBA 1912 Troops U.S. interests protected in Havana. PANAMA 19l2 Troops Marines land during heated election. HONDURAS 19l2 Troops Marines protect U.S. economic interests. NICARAGUA 1912-33 Troops, bombing 20-year occupation, fought guerrillas. MEXICO 19l3 Naval Americans evacuated during revolution. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1914 Naval Fight with rebels over Santo Domingo. COLORADO 1914 Troops Breaking of miners’ strike by Army. MEXICO 1914-18 Naval, troops Series of interventions against nationalists. HAITI 1914-34 Troops, bombing 19-year occupation after revolts. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1916-24 Troops 8-year Marine occupation. CUBA 1917-33 Troops Military occupation, economic protectorate. WORLD WAR I 19l7-18 Naval, troops Ships sunk, fought Germany RUSSIA 1918-22 Naval, troops Five landings to fight Bolsheviks. PANAMA 1918-20 Troops "Police duty" during unrest after elections. YUGOSLAVIA 1919 Troops Marines intervene for Italy against Serbs in Dalmatia. HONDURAS 1919 Troops Marines land during election campaign. GUATEMALA 1920 Troops 2-week intervention against unionists. WEST VIRGINIA 1920-21 Troops, bombing Army intervenes against mineworkers. TURKEY 1922 Troops Fought nationalists in Smyrna (Izmir). CHINA 1922-27 Naval, troops Deployment during nationalist revolt. HONDURAS 1924-25 Troops Landed twice during election strife. PANAMA 1925 Troops Marines suppress general strike. CHINA 1927-34 Troops Marines stationed throughout the country. EL SALVADOR 1932 Naval Warships sent during Farabundo Marti revolt. WASHINGTON DC 1932 Troops Army stops WWI vet bonus protest. WORLD WAR II 1941-45 Naval,troops, bombing, nuclear Fought Axis for 3 years; 1st nuclear war. DETROIT 1943 Troops Army puts down Black rebellion. IRAN 1946 Nuclear threat Soviet troops told to leave north (Iranian Azerbaijan). YUGOSLAVIA 1946 Naval Response to shooting-down of U.S. plane. URUGUAY 1947 Nuclear threat Bombers deployed as show of strength. GREECE 1947-49 Command operation U.S. directs extreme-right in civil war. CHINA 1948-49 Troops Marines evacuate Americans before Communist victory. GERMANY 1948 Nuclear threat Atomic-capable bombers guard Berlin Airlift. PHILIPPINES 1948-54 Command

Response:

From Wounded Knee to Afghanistan a century of US military interventions Compiled by Zoltan Grossman (revised October 8, 2001) U.S. military spending ($343 billion in the year 2000) is 69 percent greater than that of the next five highest nations combined. Russia, which has the second largest military budget, spends less than one-sixth what the United States does. Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Cuba, Sudan, Iran, and Syria spend $14.4 billion combined; Iran accounts for 52 percent of this total. The following is a partial list of U.S. military interventions from 1890 to 2000. This guide does NOT include demonstration duty by military police, mobilizations of the National Guard, offshore shows of naval strength, reinforcements of embassy personnel, the use of non-Defense Department personnel (such as the Drug Enforcement Agency), military exercises, non-combat mobilizations (such as replacing postal strikers), the permanent stationing of armed forces, covert actions where the U.S. did not play a command and control role, the use of small hostage rescue units, most uses of proxy troops, U.S. piloting of foreign warplanes, foreign disaster assistance, military training and advisory programs not involving direct combat, civic action programs, and many other military activities. Among sources used, besides news reports, are the Congressional Record (23 June 1969), 180 Landings by the U.S. Marine Corps History Division, Ege & Makhijani in Counterspy (July-Aug. 1982), and Daniel Ellsberg in Protest & Survive. "Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798-1993" by Ellen C. Collier of the Library of Congress Congressional Research Service. SOUTH DAKOTA 1890 (-?) Troops 300 Lakota Indians massacred at Wounded Knee. ARGENTINA 1890 Troops Buenos Aires interests protected. CHILE 1891 Troops Marines clash with nationalist rebels. HAITI 1891 Troops Black workers revolt on U.S.-claimed Navassa Island defeated. IDAHO 1892 Troops Army suppresses silver miners’ strike. HAWAII 1893 (-?) Naval, troops Independent kingdom overthrown, annexed. CHICAGO 1894 Troops Breaking of rail strike, 34 killed NICARAGUA 1894 Troops Month-long occupation of Bluefields. CHINA 1894-95 Naval, troops Marines land in Sino-Jap War. KOREA 1894-96 Troops Marines kept in Seoul during war. PANAMA 1895 Troops, naval Marines land in Colombian province. NICARAGUA 1896 Troops Marines land in port of Corinto. CHINA 1898-1900 Troops Boxer Rebellion fought by foreign armies. PHILIPPINES 1898-1910(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, killed 600,000 Filipinos. CUBA 1898-1902(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, still hold Navy base. PUERTO RICO 1898(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, occupation continues. GUAM 1898(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, still used as base. MINNESOTA 1898(-?) Troops Army battles Chippewa at Leech Lake. NICARAGUA 1898 Troops Marines land at port of San Juan del Sur. SAMOA 1899(-?) Troops Battle over succession to throne. NICARAGUA 1899 Troops Marines land at port of Bluefields. IDAHO 1899-1901 Troops Army occupies Coeur d’Alene mining region. OKLAHOMA 1901 Troops Army battles Creek Indian revolt. PANAMA 1901-14 Naval, troops Broke off from Colombia 1903, annexed Canal Zone 1914-99. HONDURAS 1903 Troops Marines intervene in revolution. DOMINICAN REP. 1903-04 Troops U.S. interests protected in Revolution. KOREA 1904-05 Troops Marines land in Russo-Japanese War. CUBA 1906-09 Troops Marines land in democratic election. NICARAGUA 1907 Troops "Dollar Diplomacy" protectorate set up. HONDURAS 1907 Troops Marines land during war with Nicaragua. PANAMA 1908 Troops Marines intervene in election contest. NICARAGUA 1910 Troops Marines land in Bluefields and Corinto. HONDURAS 1911 Troops U.S. interests protected in civil war. CHINA 1911-41 Naval, troops Continuous occupation with flare-ups. CUBA 1912 Troops U.S. interests protected in Havana. PANAMA 19l2 Troops Marines land during heated election. HONDURAS 19l2 Troops Marines protect U.S. economic interests. NICARAGUA 1912-33 Troops, bombing 20-year occupation, fought guerrillas. MEXICO 19l3 Naval Americans evacuated during revolution. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1914 Naval Fight with rebels over Santo Domingo. COLORADO 1914 Troops Breaking of miners’ strike by Army. MEXICO 1914-18 Naval, troops Series of interventions against nationalists. HAITI 1914-34 Troops, bombing 19-year occupation after revolts. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1916-24 Troops 8-year Marine occupation. CUBA 1917-33 Troops Military occupation, economic protectorate. WORLD WAR I 19l7-18 Naval, troops Ships sunk, fought Germany RUSSIA 1918-22 Naval, troops Five landings to fight Bolsheviks. PANAMA 1918-20 Troops "Police duty" during unrest after elections. YUGOSLAVIA 1919 Troops Marines intervene for Italy against Serbs in Dalmatia. HONDURAS 1919 Troops Marines land during election campaign. GUATEMALA 1920 Troops 2-week intervention against unionists. WEST VIRGINIA 1920-21 Troops, bombing Army intervenes against mineworkers. TURKEY 1922 Troops Fought nationalists in Smyrna (Izmir). CHINA 1922-27 Naval, troops Deployment during nationalist revolt. HONDURAS 1924-25 Troops Landed twice during election strife. PANAMA 1925 Troops Marines suppress general strike. CHINA 1927-34 Troops Marines stationed throughout the country. EL SALVADOR 1932 Naval Warships sent during Farabundo Marti revolt. WASHINGTON DC 1932 Troops Army stops WWI vet bonus protest. WORLD WAR II 1941-45 Naval,troops, bombing, nuclear Fought Axis for 3 years; 1st nuclear war. DETROIT 1943 Troops Army puts down Black rebellion. IRAN 1946 Nuclear threat Soviet troops told to leave north (Iranian Azerbaijan). YUGOSLAVIA 1946 Naval Response to shooting-down of U.S. plane. URUGUAY 1947 Nuclear threat Bombers deployed as show of strength. GREECE 1947-49 Command operation U.S. directs extreme-right in civil war. CHINA 1948-49 Troops Marines evacuate Americans before Communist victory. GERMANY 1948 Nuclear threat Atomic-capable bombers guard Berlin Airlift. PHILIPPINES 1948-54 Command operation CIA directs war against Huk Rebellion. PUERTO RICO 1950 Command operation Independence rebellion crushed in Ponce. KOREA 1950-53 Troops, naval, bombing, nuclear threats U.S.& South Korea fight China & North Korea to stalemate; A-bomb threat in 1950, & vs. China in 1953. Still have bases. IRAN 1953 Command operation CIA overthrows democracy, installs Shah. VIETNAM 1954 Nuclear threat Bombs offered to French to use against siege. GUATEMALA 1954 Command operation, bombing, nuclear threat CIA directs exile invasion after new govt nationalizes U.S. company lands; bombers based in Nicaragua. EGYPT 1956 Nuclear threat, troops Soviets told to keep out of Suez crisis; Marines evacuate foreigners LEBANON 1958 Troops, naval Marine occupation against rebels. IRAQ 1958 Nuclear threat Iraq warned against invading Kuwait. CHINA 1958 Nuclear threat China told not to move on Taiwan isles. PANAMA 1958 Troops Flag protests erupt into confrontation. VIETNAM 1960-75 Troops, naval, bombing, nuclear threats Fought South Vietnam revolt & North Vietnam; 1-2 million killed in longest U.S. war; atomic bomb threats in 1968 and 1969. CUBA 1961 Command operation CIA-directed exile invasion fails. GERMANY 1961 Nuclear threat Alert during Berlin Wall crisis. CUBA 1962 Nuclear threat, Naval Blockade during missile crisis; near-war with USSR. LAOS 1962 Command operation Military buildup during guerrilla war. PANAMA 1964 Troops Panamanians shot for urging canal’s return. INDONESIA 1965 Command operation Million killed in CIA-assisted army coup. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1965-66 Troops, bombing Marines land during election campaign. GUATEMALA 1966-67 Command operation Green Berets intervene against rebels. DETROIT 1967 Troops Army battles Blacks, 43 killed. UNITED STATES 1968 Troops After King is shot; over 21,000 soldiers in cities. CAMBODIA 1969-75 Bombing, troops, naval Up to 2 million killed in decade of bombing, starvation, and political chaos. OMAN 1970 Command operation U.S. directsIranian marine invasion. LAOS 1971-73 Command operation, bombing U.S. directs South Vietnamese invasion; "carpet-bombs" countryside. SOUTH DAKOTA 1973 Command operation Army directs Wounded Knee siege of Lakotas. MIDEAST 1973 Nuclear threat World-wide alert during Mideast War. CHILE 1973 Command operation CIA-backed coup ousts elected marxist president. CAMBODIA 1975 Troops, bombing Gas captured ship, 28 die in copter crash. ANGOLA 1976-92 Command operation CIA assists South African-backed rebels. IRAN 1980 Troops, nuclear threat, aborted bombing Raid to rescue Embassy hostages; 8 troops die in copter-plane crash. Soviets warned not to get involved in revolution. LIBYA 1981 Naval jets Two Libyan jets shot down in maneuvers. EL SALVADOR 1981-92 Command operation, troops Advisors, overflights aid anti-rebel war, soldiers briefly involved in hostage clash. NICARAGUA 1981-90 Command operation, naval CIA directs exile (Contra) invasions, plants harbor mines against revolution. LEBANON 1982-84 Naval, bombing, troops Marines expel PLO and back Phalangists, Navy bombs and shells Muslim and Syrian positions. HONDURAS 1983-89 TroopsManeuvers help build bases near borders. GRENADA 1983-84 Troops, bombing Invasion four years after revolution. IRAN 1984 Jets Two Iranian jets shot down over Persian Gulf. LIBYA 1986 Bombing, naval Air strikes to topple nationalist gov’t. BOLIVIA 1986 Troops Army assists raids on cocaine region. IRAN 1987-88 Naval, bombing US intervenes on side of Iraq in war. LIBYA 1989 Naval jets Two Libyan jets shot down. VIRGIN ISLANDS 1989 Troops St. Croix Black unrest after storm. PHILIPPINES 1989 Jets Air cover provided for government against coup. PANAMA 1989-90 Troops, bombing Nationalist government ousted by 27,000 … read more »

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